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Treaty of Nanking : ウィキペディア英語版 | Treaty of Nanking
The Treaty of Nanking (), formally called the Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce between Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland and the Emperor of China, was signed on the 29August 1842 to mark the end of the First Opium War (1839–42) between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Qing dynasty of China. It was the first of the unequal treaties against the Chinese, as Britain had no obligations in return.〔Hoe, Susanna; Roebuck, Derek (1999). ''The Taking of Hong Kong: Charles and Clara Elliot in China Waters''. Routledge. p. 203. ISBN 0-7007-1145-7.〕 In the wake of China's military defeat, with British warships poised to attack the city, representatives from the British and Qing Empires negotiated aboard HMS ''Cornwallis'' anchored at Nanjing. On 29 August 1842, British representative Sir Henry Pottinger and Qing representatives, Qiying, Yilibu, and Niujian, signed the treaty. It consisted of thirteen articles and ratification by Queen Victoria and the Daoguang Emperor was exchanged nine months later. A copy of the treaty is now kept by the British government, while another copy of the treaty is now kept by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China in the National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan. ==Terms==
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